a kilometer of roads and railways? Calculation of Sand and Stone Aggregate Consumption in Road Traffic
in recent years, the continuous increase in investment in infrastructure projects has brought huge opportunities to the sand and gravel industry. Coupled with the restriction of river sand and the prohibition of mining, machine-made sand has ushered in a golden period of development. Many friends know that sand and gravel aggregate is a large and irreplaceable raw material in infrastructure construction, but they do not know the specific calculation method. The actual "Calculation of Sand and Stone Aggregate Consumption in Road Traffic Field" was sorted out in 16 years, but it took a long time, and the account number was transferred in the middle, so it could not be found. Recently, some friends consulted, so it was sorted out and sent to friends in need.
, it should be noted that the mileage and quantity of bridges, tunnels and connecting lines of various traffic projects, as well as the softness and hardness of subgrade in the area are different, and the actual consumption will inevitably be different. In view of this, the following is provided for the calculation of the estimated usage in theory, and the real actual usage can only be estimated after the project is officially completed, so it is for reference only.
highways are divided into the following five levels according to their functions and adapted traffic volume: 1. highways 2. first-class highways 3. second-class highways 4. third-class highways 5. fourth-class highways.
According to [JTGB01-2003 of Technical Standards for Highway Engineering] (all pictures in the following are from this standard), the subgrade width of all levels of highways adopts different widths according to different design speeds.
-
A. Design speed 120 km/h
Two-way eight-lane: 45m (normal),42m (minimum)
Two-way six-lane: 34.5m (general)
Two-way four-lane: 28m (normal),26 (minimum)
-
B. Design speed 100 km/h
Two-way eight-lane: 44m (normal),41m (minimum)
Two-way six-lane: 33.5m (general)
Two-way four-lane: 26m (normal),24.5m (minimum)
-
C, design speed 80 km/h
Two-way six-lane: 32m (normal)
two-way four-lane: 24.5m (general),21.5 (minimum)
-
D, design speed 60 km/h
Two-way four-lane: 23m (normal),20m (minimum)
-
A. Design speed 80 km/h
Two-way two-lane: 12m (normal),10m (minimum)
-
B. Design speed 60 km/h
two-way two-lane: 10m (normal),8.5m (minimum)
-
C, design speed 40 km/h
two-way two-lane: 8.5m (general)
-
D, design speed 30 km/h
two-way two-lane: 7.5m (general)
-
E. Design speed 20 km/h
two-lane: 6.5m (general)
single lane: 4.5m (general)
-
A. Expressway, Class I Highway
expressways and first-class highways includes road shoulders (there are two types of road shoulders. In English, the road surface (which can be asphalt or cement) is paved like normal traffic lanes. It is called HARDSHOULDER, which is translated into Chinese. It is called hard road shoulders. And SOFTSHOULDER (soft road shoulders) refers to the road shoulders that have not been paved (usually refers to the gravel road), the roadway and the middle belt. The left (right) shoulder width includes the width of the left (right) side curb belt; the middle belt includes the two side curb belt and the middle divider belt.
-
B, Class II, Class III, and Class IV highways
secondary roads and roads below do not include the middle zone, generally only the roadway and shoulder.
-
C. Each Structure of Subgrade Width
1. According to the design speed of the highway, the width requirements of the lane are also different:
generally, when the design speed is 120, 100 and 80 km/h, the lane width is 3.75m; When the design speed is 60 and 40 km/h, the lane width is 3.5m; When the design speed is 30 km/h, the lane width is 3.25m; The design speed is 20 km/h, the lane width is 3m, and the bicycle lane is 3.5m.
In addition, if the left hard shoulder is set for the eight lanes of the expressway, the width of the inner lane can be 3.5m.
2. According to the design speed, the width of the middle belt is as follows:
secondary roads and below do not include the middle belt. The width of the upper middle belt refers to the requirements of expressways and first-class highways.
3. According to the design speed, shoulder width:
(1) The right curb belt shall be set in the width of the right hard shoulder of the expressway and the first-class highway, and its width shall be 0.50m
(2) The left hard shoulder should be set when the expressway and the first-class highway adopt a separate section (for the expressway with eight lanes and above as an integral section, it is neither safe nor realistic to allow the vehicle that fails or runs out of fuel to pass through several lanes and stop to the right shoulder. According to experience, a hard shoulder not narrower than 2.5m should be set on the left side for the broken down vehicle to stop or wait for towing.
expressways and first-class highways adopt separate sections, a hard shoulder on the left should be set. The curb belt should also be set up at the side of the lane within the width of the left and right hard shoulder respectively, and its width is generally 0.75m or 0.50m.), The left hard shoulder width includes the left curb strip width.
(3) The left hard shoulder should be installed on the eight-lane expressway, and its width should be 2.50m. The width of the left hard shoulder includes the width of the left curb belt.
roadbed is filled and excavated, and the thickness is determined according to the design elevation of the highway, not stipulated. It can be dug tens of meters deep or filled tens of meters high, as long as the slope meets the design specifications. Therefore, there is no standard regulation for the overall thickness of the highway.
roadbed has earthwork roadbed filling and stone roadbed filling. Generally, if it is filled with stone, it is generally not more than 50cm. The subgrade part is generally filled with materials dug and filled in place or accessories, so the aggregate produced by our equipment is rarely used.
pavement includes surface layer, connecting layer, base layer and cushion layer. The surface layer is generally made of cement board (cement concrete) or asphalt concrete.
the thickness of the base layer (mainly filled with stone) has two or even three layers, the thickness is controlled at 30-80cm, and the cushion layer is mainly used to protect the base layer, so the thickness usually does not need to be too thick, and the range is 10-30cm, depending on the working environment conditions of the base layer. Generally, the cushion is mainly made of powder. The thickness of the lower layer in the pavement is generally about 15cm. Taking the intermediate value, the thickness of gravel aggregate needed for general roads is about 70-90cm.
standard already exists, and the example will not be mentioned.
if we take the thickness of the highway to be 80cm, then the stone used for one kilometer of the highway at all levels is as follows:
-
1) Design speed 120 km/h:
two-way eight-lane:(45-3-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=32400 cubic meters =32,400 party
two-way six-lane:(34.5-3-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=24000 cubic meters =24,000 party
two-way four-lane:(28-3-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=18800 cubic meters =18,800 party
-
2) Design speed 100 km/h:
two-way eight-lane:(44-2-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=32400 cubic meters =32,400 party
two-way six-lane:(33.5-2-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=24000 cubic meters =24,000 party
two-way four-lane:(26-2-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=18000 cubic meters =18,000 party
-
3) Design speed 80 km/h:
two-way six-lane:(32-2-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=22800 cubic meters =22,800 party
two-way four-lane:(24.5-2-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=16800 cubic meters =16,800 party
-
4) Design speed 60 km/h:
two-way four-lane:(23-2-1)* 1*1000*0.8=16000 cubic meters =16,000 party
-
1) Design speed 80 km/h
two-way two-lane:(12-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=8400 cubic meters =8,400 party
-
2) Design speed 60 km/h
two-way two-lane:(10-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=6800 cubic meters =6,800 party
-
3) Design speed 40 km/h
two-way two-lane:(8.5-1.5)* 1*1000*0.8=5600 cubic meters =5,600 party
-
4) Design speed 30 km/h
two-way two-lane:(7.5-1)* 1*1000*0.8=5200 cubic meters =5,200 party
-
5) Design speed 20 km/h
two lanes:(6.5-0.5)* 1*1000*0.8=4800 cubic meters =4,800 party
single lane:(4.5-1)* 1*1000*0.8=2800 cubic meters =2,800 party
According to Article 3.1.9 of the "Railway Bridge and Tunnel Building Repair Rules", the ballast bridge deck shall meet the following requirements:
1. The width of the outer edge of the top surface of the ballast groove of the operating bridge shall not be less than 3.9m, and the pillow bottom shall not be less than 0.02m higher than the top of the ballast wall; The bridge deck shall be paved with primary ballast, and the thickness of ballast under the pillow shall not be less than 0.25m (the section with driving speed greater than 160km/h shall generally not be less than 0.35m), nor shall it exceed 0.45m.
2. The minimum distance from the inner side of the reconstructed bridge ballast wall to the center of the line shall not be less than 2.2m; The waterproof layer of the bridge deck shall adopt a new waterproof layer with good durability, and the protective layer shall adopt fiber concrete with a grade of not less than C40; The bridge deck shall be laid with a primary ballast, and the thickness of the ballast under the pillow shall not be less than 0.35m, and concrete pillows or new type III.
II
According to an authoritative source from the China Railway Tunnel Bureau,the amount of cement required for the construction of a kilometer of high-speed rail is generally more than 20000 tons, and even up to 30000 tons in many cases. It is estimated that the ratio of cement to sand aggregate in the construction of the project is 1:6,from this calculation, the sand and gravel aggregate required for one kilometer of high-speed rail is estimated to be 120000 tons.Due to the different terrain, railway cost, railway type, etc., the amount of sand and gravel aggregate required per kilometer is also different. You can estimate the amount of high-speed rail per kilometer and the local situation to better grasp the market trend.
